【科普中国智惠农民】揭开青塘粽子的致富“秘方”******
编者按：潺潺湫水河，青青芦苇荡，特殊的地理环境和历史文脉，铸就了前青塘村独特的风俗人情。根据《全国“一村一品”示范村镇认定监测管理办法（试行）》规定，农业农村部对已认定的全国“一村一品”示范村镇运行情况进行定期监测。监测数据经专家审核，初步确定全国乡村特色产业超十亿元镇超亿元村505个，山西省吕梁市临县安业乡前青塘村凭借“粽子”跻身榜单。前青塘村的“小粽子”到底有什么过人之处？粽子如何成为前青塘村的“大产业”？科普中国智惠农民本期《新农人致富路》栏目邀请到山西青塘食品有限公司董事长张侯文，请他来说说小产业如何“粽”出大幸福。
据《临县志》记载，从700多年前的元代起，前青塘村就开始种植粽叶、制作粽子，是远近闻名的粽子村。青塘粽子第八代非物质文化传承人、山西青塘食品有限公司董事长张侯文介绍，当时前青塘村里有一个寺院叫奉天寺，到了端午节，寺内的僧人就煮着吃粽子，村民们闻到了扑面而来的香气，顺着香气便寻到了粽子。此后，奉天寺把粽子的制作工艺流传到了前青塘村。
张侯文介绍，他的祖上继承了青塘粽子的工艺古法，父亲常常在临县范围内卖着粽子，但是一个端午节卖个十来天，只能挣些生活费。守着“金饭碗”，他决心要把产业做大。2011年，张侯文创办了一个“小作坊”，这成为了他事业的起步。2013年，通过引入抽真空、高温灭菌等现代技术，解决了粽子保质期的问题，用现代科技给粽子“安上了翅膀”。自此，青塘粽子销得更远，名声更大。
青塘粽子的礼盒包装背后，还有一段温情故事。张侯文介绍，包装上面的照片画的就是张侯文一家老少。“这是我爸我妈、我家姑娘、我外甥。这是2016年，我父母教孩子们包粽子的场景。”他认为，这样的照片背后，代表了一种传承，是老一代传给新一代手工技艺的传承。
在青塘粽子的包装上，还隐藏着一份设计理念。张侯文介绍，“三座山”，一座绿的、一座黄的、一座半绿半黄的。“绿色是指江米粽，寓意是绿水青山；黄色是指黄米粽，寓意是丰收；一半黄一半绿的是指两米粽，寓意是‘黄金搭档’。三座山合起来以后，组成一个元宝形状。在端午节期间用它馈赠亲友，寓意着送金银、送元宝、送财富。”张侯文介绍。
“坚持老传统，还原老味道，”是张侯文一直坚持的原则。“我们要把老一辈留下来的传统手工技艺和独特味道，让它一直延续下去，这就是青塘粽子在坚持的事业。”青塘粽子的制作工艺，每一道程序都是手工传承下来的。“几百年前怎么做，现在还是怎么做。”张侯文解释道。
先将米泡好、软化，将粽叶清洗、煮沸，便进入包制环节。在每一个粽子的头尖上，放一颗蜜枣，盖一部分米，中间再放两颗蜜枣，上面再盖一部分米，用粽叶合起来将其包裹，最后用马莲绳捆扎起来，便进入煮制环节。
煮制的时候，粽子必须尖对尾、尾对尖，一个一个摆放整齐入锅，拿篦子盖上，用重物压住。使粽子在煮的过程当中不被“翻腾”，避免米膨胀。煮制是最关键的环节，粽子好不好吃，全在火候。青塘粽子的煮制，要经过温火、小火、急火，急火、闷，整整10个小时。在10个小时的过程当中，火候要变4次，最终才能达到粽叶香、米香、马莲香、枣香四味融于一体。
一颗小小的青塘粽子，集合了山西省临县前青塘村农产品的“精华”，也承载了张侯文工匠家族祖祖辈辈的心血。现如今，前青塘村先后被评为“中国历史文化名村”“中国传统村落”“中国美丽休闲乡村”、中国“一村一品”示范村（粽子）、山西乡村旅游示范村。2021年，村集体经济收入首次突破百万元达到128万元，旅游收入达到600万元，村民人均收入首次突破10000元大关。
张侯文告诉记者，他的目标是要把前青塘村打造成“南有嘉兴、北有青塘”的中国北方粽子生产基地、中国特色古村落旅游胜地、山西名副其实的乡村振兴示范村和吕梁山上美丽宜居第一村。（记者/焦子原 武玥彤 支持单位/临县科协）
中新网评：处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******
中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称，将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对，企图将核污水“一倒了之”，把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。
资料图：日本福岛第一核电站。2011年，福岛核电站事故发生后，大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋，对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害，数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日，作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由，在2021年4月13日，正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多，日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称，这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全，甚至“可以喝”，这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上，经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质，核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收，长期来看，将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁，最终危害人类健康。
因此，核污水排海计划推出后，遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示，福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中，约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场，反对该计划。
日本政府认为，核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案，但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海，核污水会随着洋流流动，其影响势必会跨越国界，危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称，相关研究认为，福岛核污水如果排放入海，约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域，该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告，若日本将所有核污水排入海中，不到半年，整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁，包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国，有义务保护海洋环境。然而，在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上，日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估，但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论，并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下，日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设，这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道，日本必须正视各方合理关切，在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后，制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远，若只顾眼前，执意将核污水排放入海，不仅其自身，周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单，其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
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